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Sviatoslav I of Kiev
Sviatoslav I Igorevich (Old East Slavic: С~тославъ / Свѧтославъ Игорєвичь, ''Sventoslavŭ / Svantoslavŭ Igorevičǐ''; Old Norse: ''Sveinald Ingvarsson''; (ロシア語:Святослав Игоревич), ''Sviatoslav Igorevich''; (ウクライナ語:Святослав Ігорович), ''Sviatoslav Ihorovych''; (ベラルーシ語:Святаслаў Ігаравіч), ''Sviataslaŭ Iharavich''; (ブルガリア語:Светослав), ''Svetoslav'', (ギリシア語:Σφενδοσθλάβος), ''Sphendosthlabos'') (c. 942 – March 972), also spelled Svyatoslav, Grand prince of Kiev. The son of Igor of Kiev and Olga, Sviatoslav is famous for his persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe, Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire. He also conquered numerous East Slavic tribes, defeated the Alans and attacked the Volga Bulgars,〔A History of Russia: Since 1855, Walter Moss, pg 29〕〔(Khazarian state and its role in the history of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus ) A.P. Novoseltsev, Moscow, Nauka, 1990. 〕 and at times was allied with the Pechenegs and Magyars.
His decade-long reign over the Kievan Rus' was marked by rapid expansion into the Volga River valley, the Pontic steppe, and the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital in 969 from Kiev (modern-day Ukraine) to Pereyaslavets (identified as the modern village of Nufăru, Romania) on the Danube. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav remained a staunch pagan all of his life. Due to his abrupt death in ambush, his conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his sons, resulting in two of his three sons being killed.
==Name==
Sviatoslav is the first ruler of the Kievan Rus' recorded in the Primary Chronicle with a name of Slavic origin (as opposed to his predecessors, whose names derived from Old Norse). This name, however, is not recorded in other medieval Slavic countries. Nevertheless, Sveinald is the Old East Norse cognate with the Slavic form as attested in the patronymic Old East Norse name of Vladimir: Valdamarr Sveinaldsson. This patronymic naming convention, interestingly, continues namely in Icelandic and in East Slavic languages. Even in Rus', it was attested only among the members of the house of Rurik, as were the names of Sviatoslav's immediate successors: Vladimir, Yaroslav, and Mstislav.〔 (of personal names for the Russian princes of the 10th-16th centuries''. ) Moscow: Indrik, 2006. ISBN 5-85759-339-5. Page 43.〕 This is questionable, however, as these names follow conventions well established in other Slavic lands, and it ignores Vladimir of Bulgaria, who ruled between 889-893. Some scholars speculate that the name of Sviatoslav, composed of the Slavic roots for "holy" and "glory", was an artificial derivation combining those of his predecessors Oleg and Rurik (they mean "holy" and "glorious" in Old Norse, respectively).〔''See'' (Moscow, 1970).〕 On the other hand, such a compound structure name was already known from Great Moravia, as in the rulers named Svatopluk. Clearly Sviatoslav's name belongs to this tradition, as he had a son by the name of Yaropolk, of much the same form, and a grandson by the same name, Sviatopolk.
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